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天龙影院

泥人哥连出世记
其它其它1920
  德国表现主义代表作品  A  公元4世纪的犹太教法典(Talmud)中提到过Rava造golem的事。Rava的全称叫Rabbi Abba ben Rav Hamma,他造了一个不会说话的“人”。他把这个“人”送到Rav Zera面前,由于它对问话没有反应,Zera就说:“你准是由我的某个同行造的。回归尘土吧。” (Sanhedrin 65b)  在宗教意义上,只有上帝造的人才是完整的人,才会说话,而Rava造的不是真正的人。按照犹太传统,当时那些拉比(Rabbis)和大贤(Sages)都能造人或者动物Golems,这并没有什么特别之处。  B  Golem的传说后来逐渐改变,十七世纪由布拉格的Rabbi Loew(Rabbi意犹太教的学者)创造了一个Golem来保护住在犹太区的犹太人免遭反犹主义的暴力侵扰。为避免麻烦,故事中的学者总是在Golem完成它的使命以后,再自觉地把它重新变回为无生命的泥土。一天,Rabbi忘记将Golem变回泥土,当城市所有人已经作礼拜去了,Golem发怒毁坏全城。这个故事架构一直到十九、二十世纪都还在文学著作里出现,最著名的是Gustav Meyrink的《Der Golem》,在一九一五年普遍被阅读,值得探究的是,这样的小说刚好出现在工业革命的时代。这反映了人们对于科技所带来伦理的挑战的惶恐。  C  1920年由Carl Boese和Paul Wegener执导的经典默片Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam (The Golem: How He Came Into the World) 就是改编自Gustav Meyrink的小说。这部影片集中体现了德国表现主义艺术的特点,对Fritz Lang等导演产生过重大影响。其中精心设计了手提灯光、煤油灯光、火炬等一系列光源效果,用于表现人物的心理状态,营造影片的环境气氛。这种具有表现力地运用灯光效果的方法,最终发展为所有德国电影形式表现的一大特征,同时也为电影恐怖片的造型的表现手段提供了经验。  D  Golem的传说同样也是玛丽·雪莱的著名科幻小说《弗兰肯斯坦》的来源之一,不过不同的是:传说中的Golem笨拙、鲁莽,既不知道自己有多大的力量,也不知道自己有多笨或者有多无知;而在玛丽·雪莱笔下,维克多·弗兰肯斯坦所创造的怪物虽然莽撞,但却善于学习,极富人性,懂得痛苦、同情、怜悯、爱慕、悔恨等等人类的情感,甚至比年轻的弗兰肯斯坦本人还成熟些。十八世纪的启蒙运动由提倡理性主义发展到后期,理性开始压抑人的情感,理性主义变成一种冰冷僵硬的东西。于是在德国兴起了反对启蒙运动的浪漫主义运动,十九世纪前期,浪漫主义文学席卷欧美,玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》就是在这个背景下诞生的。不过在通俗文学中反理性反科学的倾向总是显得有些矫枉过正,科学和科学家的形象被简单化、平面化,这种描绘“科学怪人”的方式在默片时代的德国表现主义电影中曾经十分兴盛,后来一直在好莱坞许多拙劣的科幻片(这种片子的一大特点就是不断拍摄越来越拙劣的续集)中继续。  E当代科学哲学研究最热门的一个方向是科学知识社会学(SSK),研究方法是深入到科学具体研究过程中,细致考察经费筹集、论文发表等每一个环节,研究科学知识是如何建构起来的,强调社会因素在建构过程中的作用。SSK的代表人物柯林斯和平奇在1993年出版过一本普及性的小册子,名字就叫Golem,翻译成《勾勒姆:关于科学人们应知道些什么》。柯林斯坦诚地说,他这部书是想用“勾勒姆”解释“科学”,“我们试图证明它不是一个邪恶的造物,只是有点疯狂(或译成‘傻’)(it is not an evilcreature but it is a little daft)。不要责备勾勒姆科学的过失;是我们人类在犯错误。如果勾勒姆尽力做其自己的事情,它不应受到责备。但是我们不能奢望过多。勾勒姆尽管强有力,它却是我们的文化(art)或者我们的技艺(craft)的造物。”SSK常常被斥为带有反科学倾向,但可以看出,它与浪漫主义时期的反科学倾向完全不同。它所描绘的科学形象丰满,有血有肉,它所谓的“反科学”无非是要抹去那些被强加于科学的重重面纱,还科学一个真实的面目,绝非19世纪简单的拒斥、贬低科学。

天龙影院

关于在短时间内的某几个人的经过
法国法语1959
  Voice 1 (male "professional announcer" type): This neighborhood(1) was made for the wretched dignity of the petty bourgeoisie, for respectable occupations and intellectual tourism. The sedentary population of the upper floors was sheltered from the influences of the street. This neighborhood has remained the same. It was the strange setting of our story, where a systematic questioning of all the diversions and works of a society, a total critique of its idea of happiness, was expressed in acts.  These people also scorned "subjective profundity". They were interested in nothing but an adequate and concrete expression of themselves.  Voice 2 (Debord, monotone): Human beings are not fully conscious of their real life - usually groping in the dark; overwhelmed by the consequences of their acts; at every moment groups and individuals find themselves confronted with results they have not wished.  Voice 1: They said that oblivion was their ruling passion. They wanted to reinvent everything each day; to become the masters and possessors of their own lives.  Just as one does not judge a man according to the conception he has of himself, one cannot judge such periods of transition according to their own consciousness; on the contrary, one must explain the consciousness through the contradictions of material life, through the conflict between social conditions and the forces of social production.  The progress achieved in the domination of nature was not yet matched by a corresponding liberation of everyday life. Youth passed away among the various controls of resignation.  Our camera has captured for you a few aspects of a provisional microsociety.  The knowledge of empirical facts remains abstract and superficial as long as it is not concretized by its integration into the whole "” which alone permits the supersession of partial and abstract problems so as to arrive at their concrete essence, and implicitly at their meaning.  This group was on the margins of the economy. It tended toward a role of pure consumption, and first of all the free consumption of its time. It thus found itself directly engaged in qualitative variations of everyday life but deprived of any means to intervene in them.  The group ranged over a very small area. The same times brought them back to the same places. No one went to bed early. Discussion on the meaning of all this continued...  Voice 2: "Our life is a journey "” In the winter and the night. "” We seek our passage..."�  Voice 1: The abandoned literature nevertheless exerted a delaying action on new affective formulations.  Voice 2: There was the fatigue and the cold of the morning in this much-traversed labyrinth, like an enigma that we had to resolve. It was a looking-glass reality through which we had to discover the potential richness of reality.  On the bank of the river evening began once again; and caresses; and the importance of a world without importance. Just as the eyes have a blurred vision of many things and can see only one clearly, so the will can strive only incompletely toward diverse objects and can completely love only one at a time.  Voice 3 (young girl): No one counted on the future. It would never be possible to be together later, or anywhere else. There would never be a greater freedom.  Voice 1: The refusal of time and of growing old automatically limited encounters in this narrow, contingent zone, where what was lacking was felt as irreparable. The extreme precariousness of the means of getting by without working was at the root of this impatience which made excesses necessary and breaks definitive.  Voice 2: One never really contests an organization of existence without contesting all of that organization's forms of language.  Voice 1: When freedom is practiced in a closed circle, it fades into a dream, becomes a mere representation of itself. The ambiance of play is by nature unstable. At any moment "ordinary life"� can prevail once again. The geographical limitation of play is even more striking than its temporal limitation. Any game takes place within the contours of its spatial domain. Around the neighborhood, around its fleeting and threatened immobility, stretched a half-known city where people met only by chance, losing their way forever.  The girls who found their way there, because they were legally under the control of their families until the age of eighteen, were often recaptured by the defenders of that detestable institution. They were generally confined under the guard of those creatures who among all the bad products of a bad society are the most ugly and repugnant: nuns.  What usually makes documentaries so easy to understand is the arbitrary limitation of their subject matter. They describe the atomization of social functions and the isolation of their products. One can, in contrast, envisage the entire complexity of a moment which is not resolved into a work, a moment whose movement indissolubly contains facts and values and whose meaning does not yet appear. The subject matter of the documentary would then be this confused totality.  Voice 2: The era had arrived at a level of knowledge and technical means that made possible, and increasingly necessary, a direct construction of all aspects of a liberated affective and practical existence. The appearance of these superior means of action, still unused because of the delays in the project of liquidating the commodity economy, had already condemned aesthetic activity, whose ambitions and powers were both outdated. The decay of art and of all the values of former mores had formed our sociological background. The ruling class's monopoly over the instruments we needed to control in order to realize the collective art of our time had excluded us from a cultural production officially devoted to illustrating and repeating the past. An art film on this generation can only be a film on its absence of real creations.  Everyone unthinkingly followed the paths learned once and for all, to their work and their home, to their predictable future. For them duty had already become a habit, and habit a duty. They did not see the deficiency of their city. They thought the deficiency of their life was natural. We wanted to break out of this conditioning, in quest of another use of the urban landscape, in quest of new passions. The atmosphere of a few places gave us intimations of the future powers of an architecture it would be necessary to create to be the support and framework for less mediocre games. We could expect nothing of anything we had not ourselves altered. The urban environment proclaimed the orders and tastes of the ruling society just as violently as the newspapers. It is man who makes the unity of the world, but man has extended himself everywhere. People can see nothing around them that is not their own image; everything speaks to them of themselves. Their very landscape is alive. There were obstacles everywhere. There was a cohesion in the obstacles of all types. They maintained the coherent reign of poverty. Everything being connected, it was necessary to change everything by a unitary struggle, or nothing. It was necessary to link up with the masses, but we were surrounded by sleep.  Voice 3: The dictatorship of the proletariat is a desperate struggle, bloody and bloodless, violent and peaceful, military and economic, educational and administrative, against the forces and traditions of the old world.  Voice 1: In this country it is once again the men of order who have rebelled. They have reinforced their power. They have been able to aggravate the grotesqueness of the ruling conditions according to their will. They have embellished their system with the funereal ceremonies of the past.  Voice 2: Years, like a single instant prolonged to this point, come to an end.  Voice 1: What was directly lived reappears frozen in the distance, fit into the tastes and illusions of an era, carried away with it.  Voice 2: The appearance of events that we have not made, that others have made against us, now obliges us to be aware of the passage of time, its results, the transformation of our own desires into events. What differentiates the past from the present is precisely its out-of-reach objectivity; there is no more should-be; being is so consumed that it has ceased to exist. The details are already lost in the dust of time. Who was afraid of life, afraid of the night, afraid of being taken, afraid of being kept?  Voice 3: What should be abolished continues, and we continue to wear away with it. We are engulfed. We are separated. The years pass and we haven't changed anything.  Voice 2: Once again morning in the same streets. Once again the fatigue of so many similarly passed nights. It is a walk that has lasted a long time.  Voice 1: Really hard to drink more.  Voice 2: Of course one might make a film of it. But even if such a film succeeds in being as fundamentally disconnected and unsatisfying as the reality it deals with, it will never be more than a re-creation "” poor and false like this botched traveling shot.  Voice 3: There are now people who pride themselves on being authors of films, as others were authors of novels. They are even more backward than the novelists because they are unaware of the decomposition and exhaustion of individual expression in our time, ignorant of the end of the arts of passivity. They are praised for their sincerity since they dramatize, with more personal depth, the conventions of which their life consists. There is talk of the liberation of the cinema. But what does it matter to us if one more art is liberated through which Tom, Dick or Harry can joyously express their slavish sentiments? The only interesting venture is the liberation of everyday life, not only in the perspectives of history but for us and right away. This entails the withering away of alienated forms of communication. The cinema, too, has to be destroyed.  Voice 2: In the final analysis, stars are created by the need we have for them, and not by their talent or lack of talent or even by the film industry or advertising. Miserable need, dismal, anonymous life that would like to expand itself to the dimensions of cinema life. The imaginary life on the screen is the product of this real need. The star is the projection of this need.  The images of the advertisements during the intermissions are more suited than any others for evoking an intermission of life.  To really describe this era it would no doubt be necessary to show many other things. But what would be the point?  Better to grasp the totality of what has been done and what remains to be done than to add more ruins to the old world of the spectacle and of memories.  1. This film, which evokes the lettrist experiences at the origin of the situationist movement, opens with shots of the Paris district frequented by the lettrists in the early 1950s.

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